Choosing the Right Backpack
Your backpack is literally what carries your entire adventure on your shoulders. Selecting the right one involves considering capacity, fit, weight, and features that match your specific needs.
Types of Backpacks
Traditional Backpacks
Weight: 3-5 lbs
Capacity: 50-70 liters
Best for: Most backpackers, especially beginners
Traditional packs offer excellent support, comfort, and organization. They typically feature robust suspension systems, padded hip belts and multiple compartments for organizing gear.
Ultralight Backpacks
Weight: 1-2 lbs
Capacity: 40-55 liters
Best for: Experienced backpackers focused on minimizing weight
Ultralight packs strip away excess features to minimize weight. They’re ideal for experienced backpackers who have already reduced their overall load and prioritize covering more miles with less strain.
Expedition Backpacks
Weight: 5-7+ lbs
Capacity: 70-90+ liters
Best for: Extended trips, winter camping or carrying specialized gear
Expedition packs are designed for carrying heavy loads over long periods. They offer maximum capacity, durability and support for situations where you need to carry more gear, food or specialized equipment.
Backpack Fitting Guide
A properly fitted backpack distributes weight effectively and prevents discomfort or injury. The most important measurement is your torso length—not your height.
How to Measure Your Torso
- Find your C7 vertebra (the bony bump at the base of your neck when you tilt your head forward)
- Locate the top of your hip bones (iliac crest)
- Measure the distance between these two points along your spine
- This measurement in inches is your torso length
Pro Tip: Always try on a loaded backpack before purchasing. Many specialty outdoor retailers will let you load the pack with weight to test how it feels. Walk around the store for at least 15 minutes to identify any pressure points or discomfort.
Top Backpack Recommendations
Budget Pick
REI Co-op Flash 55
Weight: 2 lbs 10 oz
Capacity: 55 liters
Price: ~$199
An excellent value with customizable features, the Flash 55 offers a great balance of comfort, weight and organization for weekend to week-long trips.
Mid-Range Pick
Osprey Atmos AG 65 / Aura AG 65 (Women’s)
Weight: 4 lbs 9 oz
Capacity: 65 liters
Price: ~$300
The Anti-Gravity suspension system on these packs creates an incredibly comfortable fit that makes heavy loads feel lighter. Excellent ventilation and organization make this a favorite among backpackers.
Ultralight Pick
Gossamer Gear Mariposa 60
Weight: 2 lbs
Capacity: 60 liters
Price: ~$270
A favorite among thru-hikers, the Mariposa offers an excellent balance of weight, comfort and capacity. The thoughtful pocket design provides easy access to gear while hiking.
Need help choosing the perfect backpack?
Download our free backpack sizing guide with detailed measurement instructions and a comparison chart of the top 20 backpacks on the market.
Shelter Systems
Your shelter is your home away from home in the backcountry. The right choice depends on your camping style, the conditions you expect to encounter and how much weight you’re willing to carry.
Types of Backpacking Shelters
Freestanding Tents
Pros: Easy setup, versatile placement, good weather protection
Cons: Heavier than other options, bulkier in pack
Best for: Beginners, varied terrain, poor weather conditions
Freestanding tents use poles to create their structure and can stand without being staked out. This makes them versatile for different terrain types and easier to set up for beginners.
Trekking Pole Tents
Pros: Significantly lighter, often more spacious
Cons: Requires trekking poles, more challenging setup, needs good staking ground
Best for: Experienced backpackers, weight-conscious hikers, thru-hikers
These ultralight shelters use your trekking poles for structure, eliminating the weight of dedicated tent poles. They require more skill to set up properly but reward you with significant weight savings.
Take the Pennine Way.
Hammock Systems
Pros: Comfortable sleep, no flat ground needed, fun
Cons: Requires trees, learning curve, additional components for full protection
Best for: Forested areas, back sleepers, those who dislike sleeping on the ground
A complete hammock system includes the hammock, bug net, and rain tarp. They excel in forested environments and can provide superior comfort for many sleepers, especially in hot, humid conditions.
Shelter Recommendations
Budget Pick
REI Co-op Passage 2
Weight: 5 lbs 10 oz
Capacity: 2-person
Price: ~$159
An affordable, durable tent that’s perfect for beginners. While not the lightest option, its ease of setup and reliability make it an excellent starter tent for weekend trips.
Mid-Range Pick
Big Agnes Copper Spur HV UL2
Weight: 3 lbs 2 oz
Capacity: 2-person
Price: ~$450
A perfect balance of weight, space, and durability. The near-vertical walls create impressive livable space, while the double doors and vestibules provide excellent convenience and storage.
Ultralight Pick
Durston X-Mid 2P
Weight: 2 lbs 4 oz
Capacity: 2-person
Price: ~$299
An innovative trekking pole tent that offers exceptional space-to-weight ratio. The unique design provides excellent storm protection and livability at a fraction of the weight of traditional tents.
Tent Footprints: While many tents come with footprints (protective ground cloths), you can save weight and money by using Tyvek house wrap or polycro window insulation film as alternatives. These lightweight options provide adequate protection at a fraction of the weight and cost.
Sleep Systems
A good night’s sleep is crucial for recovery and enjoyment on multi-day trips. Your sleep system consists of three main components: sleeping bag/quilt, sleeping pad and optional pillow.
Sleeping Bags vs. Quilts
Traditional Sleeping Bags
- Fully enclosed design with hood and zipper
- Easier to use for beginners
- Better for cold sleepers and harsh conditions
- Typically heavier than quilts
- Less versatile across temperature ranges
Backpacking Quilts
- Open design that eliminates insulation underneath you
- Lighter weight for the same temperature rating
- More versatile across temperature ranges
- Better for side sleepers and those who move a lot
- Steeper learning curve for efficient use
Understanding Temperature Ratings
Sleeping bag and quilt temperature ratings can be confusing. Most manufacturers use the EN/ISO rating system, which provides two numbers:
Comfort Rating
The temperature at which a cold sleeper (typically women) will remain comfortable. This is the more conservative rating.
Lower Limit Rating
The temperature at which a warm sleeper (typically men) will remain comfortable. This is usually 10-15°F lower than the comfort rating.
Pro Tip: For most backpackers, choose a sleeping bag or quilt rated 10°F lower than the coldest temperature you expect to encounter. You can always vent if you’re too warm, but you can’t add warmth that isn’t there.
Sleeping Pad Basics
Your sleeping pad serves two critical functions: insulation from the cold ground and cushioning for comfort. The insulation value is measured as an R-value—the higher the number, the better the insulation.
Foam Pads
Pros: Indestructible, affordable, multi-purpose
Cons: Less comfortable, bulky to pack
R-value range: 1.0-2.5
Best for: Ultralight backpacking, budget setups, backup pads
Air Pads
Pros: Comfortable, packable, lightweight
Cons: Can puncture, requires inflation
R-value range: 1.0-7.0
Best for: Most backpackers seeking comfort and packability
Self-Inflating Pads
Pros: Durable, comfortable, partially self-inflating
Cons: Heavier, less packable
R-value range: 2.0-6.0
Best for: Car camping, short backpacking trips, durability concerns
| Season | Temperature Range | Recommended Sleeping Bag Rating | Recommended Pad R-Value |
| Summer | 50°F and above | 30-40°F | 1.0-2.0 |
| 3-Season (Spring/Fall) | 30-50°F | 15-30°F | 2.0-4.0 |
| Winter | Below 30°F | 0-15°F | 4.0+ |
Sleep System Recommendations
Budget Sleep System
Bag: Kelty Cosmic 20
Pad: Therm-a-Rest Z Lite Sol
Total Weight: 3 lbs 12 oz
Total Cost: ~$200
This affordable combination provides reliable three-season comfort. The Cosmic uses 550-fill down for a good warmth-to-weight ratio, while the Z Lite Sol offers dependable, no-fuss insulation from the ground.
Mid-Range Sleep System
Bag: REI Co-op Magma 15
Pad: NEMO Tensor Insulated
Total Weight: 2 lbs 10 oz
Total Cost: ~$450
A significant step up in comfort and weight savings. The Magma uses 850-fill down for excellent compressibility, while the Tensor provides 3.5 inches of cushioned comfort with good insulation.
Ultralight Sleep System
Quilt: Enlightened Equipment Enigma 20°
Pad: Therm-a-Rest NeoAir XLite
Total Weight: 1 lb 14 oz
Total Cost: ~$600
A premium setup that minimizes weight without sacrificing comfort. The Enigma quilt uses 850-fill down and eliminates unnecessary fabric, while the XLite provides excellent insulation and comfort at just 12 oz.
Cooking Equipment
Your backcountry kitchen can be as simple or elaborate as you prefer. The right setup depends on your cooking style, group size, and the types of meals you plan to prepare.
Stove Types
Canister Stoves
Pros: Easy to use, precise flame control, lightweight
Cons: Fuel canisters can be hard to find internationally, poor performance in cold/high altitude
Best for: Most backpackers, especially beginners
These stoves screw directly onto isobutane-propane fuel canisters. They’re incredibly simple to use—just attach, turn the valve and light.
Integrated Canister Systems
Pros: Fast boil times, fuel efficiency, all-in-one convenience
Cons: Limited cooking versatility, heavier than simple canister stoves
Best for: Backpackers who primarily boil water for freeze-dried meals
These all-in-one systems integrate the burner, heat exchanger, and pot into a single unit for maximum efficiency. They excel at boiling water quickly with minimal fuel consumption.
Liquid Fuel Stoves
Pros: Excellent cold weather performance, refillable fuel bottle, international fuel options
Cons: Heavier, more maintenance, learning curve
Best for: Winter camping, international travel, large group cooking
These stoves connect to refillable fuel bottles and can run on various fuels including white gas, kerosene and even automotive fuel in some cases. They perform well in cold conditions and at high altitudes.
Cookware Considerations
Material Options
- Titanium: Ultralight but conducts heat poorly (hot spots)
- Aluminum: Good balance of weight and heat distribution
- Stainless Steel: Durable but heavy
- Hard-Anodized Aluminum: Durable cooking surface with good heat distribution
Size Considerations
For solo backpackers, a 750ml-1L pot is typically sufficient. For two people, consider a 1.5-2L pot. Groups of 3+ will need 2.5L or larger.
Food Storage Options
Bear Canisters
Pros: Most reliable protection, doubles as camp seat, required in many areas
Cons: Heavy (2-3 lbs), bulky in pack
Best for: Areas with high bear activity or where required by regulations
Bear Bags/Ursacks
Pros: Lighter than canisters, more packable, effective against most wildlife
Cons: Not accepted in all areas, requires proper hanging/securing
Best for: Areas where canisters aren’t required but wildlife protection is needed
Traditional Hang Methods
Pros: Lightweight, minimal additional gear
Cons: Requires suitable trees, skill to execute properly, time-consuming
Best for: Areas with minimal bear activity and suitable trees
Cooking System Recommendations
Budget Cooking System
Stove: BRS-3000T Ultralight Stove
Cookware: TOAKS Titanium 750ml Pot
Total Weight: 5.4 oz (excluding fuel)
Total Cost: ~$60
An incredibly lightweight and affordable setup that’s perfect for solo backpackers who primarily boil water for simple meals. The tiny BRS stove weighs less than an ounce but delivers reliable performance.
Mid-Range Cooking System
Stove: MSR PocketRocket 2
Cookware: GSI Outdoors Halulite Microdualist
Total Weight: 19 oz (excluding fuel)
Total Cost: ~$150
A versatile system that balances weight and functionality. The reliable PocketRocket 2 offers excellent flame control, while the Microdualist set includes everything two people need for cooking and eating.
Integrated System
Stove: Jetboil Flash Cooking System
Total Weight: 13.1 oz (excluding fuel)
Total Cost: ~$115
The Jetboil Flash boils water in just 100 seconds and includes everything you need in one package. It’s ideal for backpackers who want simplicity and primarily prepare freeze-dried meals or drinks.
Fire Safety: Always operate stoves on level, stable surfaces away from flammable materials. Never cook inside your tent or vestibule due to fire and carbon monoxide risks.  Let stoves cool completely before packing.
Clothing Layers
Proper clothing selection is crucial for comfort and safety in the backcountry. The layering system allows you to adapt to changing conditions by adding or removing layers as needed.
The Layering System
Base Layers
Function: Moisture management, temperature regulation
Materials: Merino wool, synthetic fabrics (polyester, nylon)
Avoid: Cotton (retains moisture, loses insulation when wet)
Base layers sit against your skin and should wick moisture away from your body to keep you dry. Merino wool offers excellent odor resistance for multi-day trips, while synthetic materials dry faster.
Mid Layers
Function: Insulation, warmth retention
Materials: Fleece, wool, down, synthetic insulation
Options: Grid fleece, lightweight puffy jackets, wool sweaters
Mid layers trap warm air next to your body. The thickness and type depend on conditions, with options ranging from lightweight fleece for mild conditions to puffy jackets for cold weather.
Outer Layers
Function: Weather protection (wind, rain, snow)
Materials: Waterproof-breathable fabrics (Gore-Tex, eVent, proprietary membranes)
Features: Ventilation zips, adjustable hoods, waterproof zippers
Outer layers protect you from the elements. A good rain jacket and pants are essential for most backpacking trips, with additional insulated outer layers for winter conditions.
Seasonal Clothing Considerations
| Season | Base Layer | Mid Layer | Outer Layer | Accessories |
| Summer | Lightweight short-sleeve shirt, convertible pants/shorts | Lightweight fleece or puffy jacket | Ultralight rain jacket and pants | Sun hat, sunglasses, lightweight gloves |
| Spring/Fall | Lightweight long-sleeve shirt, hiking pants, thermal bottoms | Mid-weight fleece, lightweight puffy jacket | Durable rain jacket and pants | Beanie, light gloves, buff/neck gaiter |
| Winter | Heavyweight thermal top and bottom | Heavy fleece or wool layer, down jacket | Insulated waterproof jacket, waterproof pants | Insulated hat, waterproof gloves, goggles, gaiters |
“There’s no such thing as bad weather, only inappropriate clothing.”
Essential Clothing Items
Must-Have Clothing
- Moisture-wicking t-shirt or long-sleeve shirt
- Quick-drying hiking pants or shorts
- Insulating mid-layer (fleece or lightweight puffy)
- Waterproof rain jacket
- 2-3 pairs of hiking socks (plus one sleep pair)
- Moisture-wicking underwear
- Warm hat and sun hat
- Gloves (weight depends on season)
Optional Additions
- Rain pants (recommended for wet climates)
- Gaiters (for mud, snow, or debris protection)
- Down or synthetic puffy jacket (for cold evenings)
- Buff/neck gaiter (versatile for sun/cold protection)
- Base layer bottoms (for cold nights or mornings)
- Camp shoes (lightweight sandals or trail runners)
- Dedicated sleep clothes (improves sleep quality)
Clothing Tip: Pack for the worst conditions you might reasonably encounter, not the average conditions you expect. Weather in the backcountry can change rapidly, especially in mountainous areas.
Footwear
Your choice of footwear can make or break a backpacking trip. Modern options range from traditional hiking boots to lightweight trail runners, each with their own advantages.
Boots vs. Trail Runners
Hiking Boots
- Better ankle support
- More durable
- Better for rough terrain
- More waterproof options
- Better for carrying heavy loads
Trail Runners
- Significantly lighter weight
- Faster drying when wet
- Less break-in time
- More comfortable in hot weather
- Less fatigue over long distances
The hiking footwear debate has shifted dramatically in recent years, with many experienced backpackers—including thru-hikers—switching to trail runners. The “a pound on your feet equals five on your back” adage highlights how reducing foot weight decreases overall energy expenditure.
Sock Selection
Material Considerations
- Merino Wool: Excellent temperature regulation, odor resistance, and blister prevention. The gold standard for hiking socks.
- Synthetic Blends: Faster drying, more durable and typically less expensive than wool.
- Avoid Cotton: Retains moisture, causes blisters and provides no insulation when wet.
Sock System
Many hikers use a two-sock system to prevent blisters:
- A thin liner sock that wicks moisture away from the skin
- A thicker outer sock that provides cushioning and insulation
Others prefer a single high-quality hiking sock. Experiment to find what works best for your feet and footwear.
Footwear Recommendations
Traditional Hiking Boots
Recommendation: Salomon X Ultra 4 Mid GTX
Weight: 1 lb 14 oz (pair)
Price: ~$165
A lightweight modern hiking boot that offers excellent ankle support without excessive weight. The Gore-Tex membrane provides reliable waterproofing, while the Contagrip outsole delivers outstanding traction on varied terrain.
Trail Runners
Recommendation: Altra Lone Peak 7
Weight: 1 lb 4 oz (pair)
Price: ~$140
The most popular shoe among thru-hikers, the Lone Peak features a wide toe box for comfort, zero-drop platform for natural stride and adequate cushioning for long days. The quick-drying upper and excellent traction make these versatile for various conditions.
Hiking Socks
Recommendation: Darn Tough Hiker Micro Crew
Material: 61% Merino Wool, 36% Nylon, 3% Lycra
Price: ~$25/pair
These legendary hiking socks offer the perfect balance of cushioning, durability, and moisture management. The seamless construction prevents blisters, while the lifetime warranty demonstrates the manufacturer’s confidence in their quality.
Navigation Tools
Reliable navigation is a critical safety skill for backpacking. Modern hikers often use a combination of traditional and digital tools to stay on route and avoid getting lost.
Essential Navigation Tools
Maps
Physical maps remain an essential backup that never run out of battery. Look for waterproof topographic maps specific to your hiking area with detailed contour lines, water sources and trail markers.
Recommended: National Geographic Trails Illustrated maps or custom printouts from CalTopo
Compass
A quality baseplate compass with declination adjustment is a reliable tool that works without batteries or signal. Learn basic compass skills before heading into the backcountry.
Recommended: Suunto MC-2G Navigator or Silva Ranger S
Digital Navigation
GPS devices and smartphone apps provide real-time location tracking and detailed maps. They’re incredibly convenient but should always be backed up with physical maps and compass.
Recommended Apps: Gaia GPS, AllTrails Pro, FarOut (formerly Guthook)
Navigation Safety: Always carry physical maps and compass as backup, even if you primarily use digital navigation. Batteries die, electronics fail and satellite signals can be lost in deep canyons or dense forest.
Basic Navigation Skills
Essential Skills to Learn
- Reading topographic map contour lines
- Using a compass to find and follow bearings
- Triangulating your position using landmarks
- Understanding declination adjustment
- Route planning and identifying bailout options
Practice Tip: Before your trip, practice navigation skills in a familiar area like a local park. Set waypoints, follow bearings and practice triangulation so these skills are fresh when you need them in the backcountry.
Navigation Recommendations
Budget Option
Map: National Geographic Trails Illustrated
Compass: Suunto A-10
Digital: Smartphone with free Avenza Maps app
Total Cost: ~$50
This affordable setup provides reliable navigation capabilities for most backpacking trips. The Suunto A-10 compass offers basic functionality without extra features, while Avenza allows you to download and use georeferenced PDF maps on your smartphone.
Mid-Range Option
Map: Custom CalTopo printouts
Compass: Suunto MC-2G Navigator
Digital: Smartphone with Gaia GPS Premium
Total Cost: ~$120
This setup balances traditional and digital navigation tools. The MC-2G compass includes a sighting mirror for increased accuracy, while Gaia GPS Premium provides downloadable maps, route planning and real-time tracking.
Premium Option
Map: Custom CalTopo printouts
Compass: Silva Ranger S
Digital: Garmin GPSMAP 66i
Total Cost: ~$500
For serious backcountry navigation, this setup combines the best traditional tools with a dedicated GPS device that includes satellite communication capabilities. The Garmin 66i offers reliable navigation even when your phone has no service or battery.
Safety and Emergency Gear
Being prepared for emergencies is a fundamental responsibility for all backpackers. The right safety gear and knowledge can turn a potential disaster into a manageable situation.
The Ten Essentials
The classic “Ten Essentials” list has evolved over time but remains a fundamental checklist for backcountry safety:
- Navigation: Map, compass, GPS device
- Illumination: Headlamp or flashlight with extra batteries
- Sun protection: Sunglasses, sunscreen, hat
- First aid: Kit appropriate for group size and trip length
- Knife/tools: Multi-tool or knife, gear repair items
- Fire: Matches, lighter, fire starter
- Shelter: Emergency bivy or tarp
- Extra food: At least one day’s extra supply
- Extra water: Or means to purify water
- Extra clothes: Beyond what you expect to need
First Aid Kit
A good backpacking first aid kit balances comprehensive coverage with weight and space considerations. You can purchase a pre-made kit and customize it, or build your own from scratch.
Essential First Aid Items
- Adhesive bandages in various sizes
- Gauze pads and roll
- Athletic tape and blister treatment
- Antiseptic wipes and antibiotic ointment
- Pain relievers (ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
- Anti-diarrheal medication
- Antihistamine for allergic reactions
- Tweezers, scissors, and safety pins
- Emergency contact information
- Personal medications
First Aid Tip: Take a wilderness first aid course before embarking on remote backpacking trips. Knowing how to properly use your first aid supplies is just as important as having them.
Emergency Communication
Satellite Messengers
Devices like the Garmin inReach allow two-way text messaging and SOS functionality via satellite networks, working anywhere with clear sky visibility.
Pros: Two-way communication, location sharing, weather forecasts
Cons: Subscription required, battery management needed
Personal Locator Beacons
PLBs like the ACR ResQLink send a one-way emergency signal to search and rescue services via the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system.
Pros: No subscription, reliable global coverage, long battery shelf life
Cons: One-way communication only, no confirmation of message receipt
Signaling Devices
Basic signaling tools like whistles, mirrors, and high-visibility markers should be carried even if you have electronic devices.
Pros: No batteries required, lightweight, inexpensive
Cons: Limited range, requires line of sight or hearing range
Repair Kits
A basic repair kit allows you to fix common gear failures in the field, potentially turning a trip-ending problem into a minor inconvenience.
Essential Repair Items
- Duct tape (wrapped around trekking pole or water bottle)
- Tenacious Tape for fabric repairs
- Needle and strong thread
- Safety pins
- Zip ties in various sizes
- Cordage (2-3mm utility cord)
- Gear-specific repair items (sleeping pad patches, tent pole splint)
Repair Tip: Wrap several feet of duct tape around your trekking pole or water bottle instead of carrying a bulky roll. Similarly, store a few feet of dental floss with your needle—it’s incredibly strong for repairs.
Safety Recommendations
First Aid Kit
Recommendation: Adventure Medical Kits Ultralight/Watertight .7
Weight: 5.3 oz
Price: ~$29
This lightweight, waterproof kit includes essential supplies for treating common backcountry injuries. The clear organization and included first aid guide make it easy to find what you need in an emergency.
Satellite Messenger
Recommendation: Garmin inReach Mini 2
Weight: 3.5 oz
Price: ~$400 + subscription
This compact satellite communicator provides two-way messaging, location sharing and SOS functionality anywhere with clear sky visibility. The improved battery life and intuitive interface make it a reliable emergency communication tool.
Emergency Shelter
Recommendation: SOL Emergency Bivy
Weight: 3.8 oz
Price: ~$17
This ultralight emergency shelter reflects 90% of body heat while providing protection from wind and rain. It’s small enough to keep in your pack for any trip but could be a lifesaver if you’re forced to spend an unexpected night outdoors.
Water Treatment Systems
Access to clean drinking water is essential for any backpacking trip. Modern water treatment methods offer various approaches to making backcountry water sources safe to drink.
Water Treatment Methods
Filtration
Removes: Bacteria, protozoa, particulates
Doesn’t remove: Viruses, chemicals, heavy metals
Pros: Fast, no waiting time, improves taste, no chemicals
Cons: Can clog, requires maintenance, doesn’t remove viruses
Filtration physically removes pathogens and particles from water by forcing it through microscopic pores. Most backpacking filters have a pore size of 0.1-0.2 microns, which captures bacteria and protozoa but not viruses (which are rarely a concern in North American backcountry).
Chemical Treatment
Removes: Bacteria, viruses, some protozoa
Doesn’t remove: Particulates, some protozoa (depending on chemical), chemicals
Pros: Lightweight, inexpensive, long shelf life, effective against viruses
Cons: Waiting time (15-30 minutes), can affect taste, doesn’t remove particles
Chemical treatments use substances like chlorine dioxide, iodine, or chlorine to kill pathogens. They’re ultralight and reliable but require waiting time for full effectiveness and don’t improve water clarity.
UV Treatment
Removes: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa
Doesn’t remove: Particulates, chemicals, heavy metals
Pros: Fast treatment, effective against viruses, no taste change
Cons: Requires batteries, doesn’t work in cloudy water, fragile electronics
Ultraviolet light devices like the SteriPEN disrupt the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing. They’re quick and effective but rely on batteries and clear water to function properly.
Water Safety: In most North American wilderness areas, the primary water concerns are bacteria and protozoa (like Giardia and Cryptosporidium), which all the above methods address. Viruses are rarely a concern in backcountry water sources in the US and Canada but may be in some international destinations.
Water Storage Considerations
Capacity Planning
The amount of water storage you need depends on several factors:
- Distance between reliable water sources
- Temperature and exertion level (affecting consumption)
- Cooking water requirements
- Dry camping needs (if staying away from water sources)
Most backpackers carry 2-3 liters capacity, with the ability to add more for dry stretches.
Container Types
- Rigid bottles: Durable, reliable, multi-purpose (can be used with filters)
- Soft bottles: Lightweight, packable when empty, but less durable
- Hydration reservoirs: Convenient for drinking while hiking, but harder to fill and assess volume
- Collapsible containers: Great for camp use and dry stretches, pack down when not needed
Water Treatment Recommendations
Budget Option
Treatment: Aquamira Water Treatment Drops
Storage: Smart Water bottles (reused)
Total Weight: ~3 oz
Total Cost: ~$15
This ultralight, affordable setup is popular among thru-hikers. The Aquamira drops effectively treat water without adding significant weight, while repurposed Smart Water bottles provide durable, lightweight storage with compatible threading for many filters.
All-Around Option
Treatment: Sawyer Squeeze Filter
Storage: CNOC Vecto 2L + Smart Water bottle
Total Weight: ~5 oz
Total Cost: ~$60
This versatile system offers excellent filtration with minimal weight. The Sawyer Squeeze provides reliable, fast filtration, while the CNOC Vecto’s wide opening makes collecting water easy. The Smart Water bottle serves as your clean water container.
Group Option
Treatment: Platypus GravityWorks 4L Filter System
Storage: Included 4L dirty/clean reservoirs
Total Weight: 11.5 oz
Total Cost: ~$110
Perfect for groups or base camping, this gravity system filters water while you set up camp or prepare meals. The 4-liter capacity means fewer trips to the water source, and the hands-free operation is incredibly convenient.
Packing Tips and Weight-Saving Strategies
How you pack your backpack affects both comfort on the trail and your ability to find gear when you need it. Additionally, strategic weight reduction can significantly improve your hiking experience.
Backpack Organization
Packing Zones
- Bottom Zone: Sleeping bag, pad, and camp clothes (items not needed until camp)
- Core Zone: Heavy items (food, cooking gear, bear canister) placed close to your back
- Top Zone: Quick-access items (rain gear, first aid kit, snacks, water filter)
- Accessory Pockets: Map, compass, sunscreen, snacks, water bottles
- Lid/Brain: Small essentials, valuables, headlamp
Weight-Saving Strategies
The Big Three
Focus first on reducing the weight of your heaviest items:
- Backpack (switch to a lighter model)
- Shelter (consider trekking pole tents or tarps)
- Sleep system (down vs. synthetic, quilt vs. bag)
Upgrading these three items can often save 5+ pounds with minimal comfort sacrifice.
Multi-Use Items
Look for gear that serves multiple purposes:
- Trekking poles that double as tent supports
- Phone that serves as camera, GPS and reading device
- Pot that works as both cooking vessel and eating bowl
- Bandana for sun protection, pot holder and washcloth
- Sleeping pad that doubles as camp seat
Repackaging
Eliminate excess packaging and containers:
- Transfer sunscreen, soap, and other liquids to smaller bottles
- Repackage food into ziplock bags
- Remove excess packaging before your trip
- Use lightweight stuff sacks or none at all
- Trim maps to include only relevant sections
Weighing Your Pack: Use a luggage scale or bathroom scale (weigh yourself with and without the pack) to check your total pack weight. Aim for no more than 20% of your body weight for comfortable hiking, or 25-30% maximum for challenging terrain.
Gear Organization Systems
Stuff Sacks
Pros: Color-coding for easy identification, compression options, waterproof options available
Cons: Adds weight, creates dead space in pack
Best for: Items that need compression or protection from moisture
Pack Liners
Pros: Lightweight, inexpensive, protects multiple items
Cons: Less organization, everything must be removed to access bottom items
Best for: Waterproofing in wet climates, simplicity-focused hikers
Packing Cubes
Pros: Excellent organization, easy access to specific items
Cons: Heavier than loose packing, creates some dead space
Best for: Longer trips with more gear, those who prioritize organization
Backpacking Gear Checklist
Use this comprehensive checklist to ensure you have all the essential gear for your next backpacking adventure. Adapt it based on your specific trip conditions, duration, and personal preferences.
Backpack & Storage
- Backpack (fitted to your torso)
- Pack rain cover or liner
- Stuff sacks/organization system
- Bear canister/bear bag (as required)
Shelter System
- Tent, hammock, or tarp
- Tent poles/stakes/guylines
- Footprint or ground cloth
Sleep System
- Sleeping bag or quilt
- Sleeping pad
- Pillow (optional)
- Sleep clothes (clean, dry set)
Kitchen & Hydration
- Stove and fuel
- Cookpot/pan
- Eating utensil
- Cup/bowl
- Water bottles/reservoir
- Water treatment system
- Food (+ one extra day)
- Biodegradable soap (small amount)
- Scrubber/cloth
Clothing
- Moisture-wicking t-shirt/shirt
- Quick-dry hiking pants/shorts
- Underwear
- Hiking socks (+ extras)
- Insulating mid-layer
- Insulated jacket
- Rain jacket/pants
- Warm hat
- Sun hat
- Gloves
- Bandana/buff
Footwear
- Hiking boots/shoes
- Camp shoes (optional)
- Gaiters (optional)
Navigation & Safety
- Map and compass
- GPS/smartphone
- First aid kit
- Emergency shelter
- Headlamp + extra batteries
- Knife or multi-tool
- Fire starter
- Whistle
- Communication device
- Repair kit
Personal Items
- Sunscreen
- Insect repellent
- Hand sanitizer
- Toilet paper
- Trowel
- Toothbrush/toothpaste
- Personal medications
- ID and emergency contact info
- Cash/card
- Permits (if required)
Ready for your next adventure?
Download our complete printable backpacking checklist to ensure you’re fully prepared for your next wilderness journey.
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Final Thoughts for Beginners
Starting your backpacking journey can feel overwhelming with so many gear options and considerations. Remember these key principles as you build your kit:
Start Small and Borrow
As you upgrade your equipment over time, storing older or seasonal gear in nearby self storage units Airdrie can help keep your living space clutter-free while preserving items you may still use for future adventures. You don’t need to purchase everything at once. Start with overnight trips close to home, borrow gear from friends or rent from outdoor retailers to test different options before investing.
Prioritize the Essentials
Focus first on quality versions of the most critical items: shelter, sleep system, backpack and appropriate clothing. These directly impact your safety and comfort.
Test Your Gear Before Trips
Set up your tent in the backyard, test your stove and take your loaded pack for a day hike. Discovering issues at home is far better than miles from civilization.
Upgrade Gradually
As you gain experience, you’ll develop preferences and identify areas where upgrades would most improve your experience. Let your actual needs—not marketing—guide your purchases.
Learn Skills, Not Just Gear
The most important backcountry tool is knowledge. Invest time in learning navigation, first aid and weather assessment alongside your gear acquisitions.
Find Your Balance
The “perfect” gear setup is different for everyone. Some prioritize comfort, others weight, and others cost. Find the balance that works for your hiking style, body and preferences.
“The best gear is the gear that you’ll actually use and that makes your outdoor experience more enjoyable. Everything else is just extra weight in your pack or your closet.”
With the right gear and knowledge, backpacking offers unparalleled opportunities to explore wild places, challenge yourself and connect with nature. Take the time to build a kit that serves your needs and then focus on the experiences rather than the equipment. The wilderness awaits—happy trails!
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